Introducing new crops that can thrive under changing climate conditions is crucial for sustainable agriculture. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) shows promise as a C4 crop due to its high heat and drought stress tolerance. Its deep root system may contribute to increased soil organic carbon, supporting climate change mitigation. However, one of the challenges in expanding sorghum production in...

Introduction
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) are cereal grain crops vital for global food security. Adapting crop life cycles and agronomic management to changing climates is critical to increase yields to meet anticipated global demand. The study of crop species development and phenology has thus never been more important or urgent. Such studies depend on the...

Introduction
The adaptation of wheat and barley to different growing environments is underpinned by an understanding of crop phenology. The importance of an optimal flowering period (OFP) to ensure the critical period for yield development coincides with favourable seasonal conditions has been demonstrated, whereby the combined risk of frost, heat and drought is minimised, and grain yield...

1. Introduction
   Climate change is increasing the frequency and duration of heat waves worldwide, decreasing growth and yield of most field crops1. In this scenario, it is crucial to recognise any differences in sensitivity between wheat and barley, crops that are grown alternatively in the same fields. As far as we are aware, there are no field studies comparing wheat and barley responses to...

Introduction

We investigated whether varying soybean seeding density and cultivar can tackle within-field variability by conducting a field experiment in Southern Brazil. We tested two hypotheses: that optimal seed density is higher in low yielding environment (HP1) and that high-yielding cultivars perform better than stable ones in high yielding environment and vice-versa (HP2). Three...

Introduction
As climate change accelerates, the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, such as heatwaves and droughts, are on the rise (Rashid et al., 2018; Egli et al., 2005). These challenges significantly impact oilseed rape (OSR; Brassica napus L.), a globally important oil crop, as it faces increased exposure to adverse weather conditions and abiotic stress (Rashid et al.,...