18th Congress of the European Society for Agronomy

Introduction
Durum wheat, a crucial staple crop, is confronted with escalating fertilizer usage, particularly nitrogen, to meet the surging demands of a growing population. However, the mismanagement of nitrogen to fulfill crop requirements can inflict harm on ecosystems, spark conflicts, and disrupt supply chains. In response to this challenge, precision fertilization technologies,...

1. Introduction
   In Baden-Württemberg (B-W, Germany) N application for high protein quality winter wheat (E) is commonly split into three application dates: tillering, stem elongation and late booting. Total possible N application amount of a field is defined by B-W N-Düngebedarfsermittlung (N-requirement determination). Farmers in B-W commonly apply homogeneously at first N application date...

Introduction
The evolution of agroecological systems introduces greater complexity in cultivated fields, challenging both traditional and modern observational networks and methods. These include remote observations, e.g. aerial data collection, proxidetection, e.g. crowdsourcing, and direct in situ measurements. The digital transition is continually producing vast amounts of data, enhancing...

Introduction
Weeds compete with crops for resources such as water, nutrients and light, causing an average yield reduction of 34 % globally (Oerke, 2006). However, weeds also have positive effects, such as providing food and shelter for arthropods (Selfors et al., 2018) and preventing soil erosion (Seitz et al., 2019). Weeds are not evenly distributed in the field, but form patches, so...

Introduction: Relay-cropping is a crop association where the implementation and harvest of the crops is delayed, leading to an asynchronous cycle of development. It enhances land productivity with two separate harvests in a year (Lamichhane et al. 2023). The main constraint of relay-cropping is the competition endured by the second crop (i.e., soybean) from the winter cereal, leading to...